Faceless Societies Essay Example For Students

Faceless Societies Essay As indicated by â€Å"Self-Reliance,† an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, â€Å"Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members.† Emerson points out that as society works to rid men of their manhood, mans sense of distinctiveness. In isolation, every man has the freedom to think on his own; therefore, being an individual person. Adhering to the norms of society destroyed their freedom; thus, causing a faceless society of conformists. Consequently, an assortment of contemporary British poets cogitated on the fact that society became increasingly lackluster as the demise of distinctiveness among its citizens increased due to conformity. By losing the individuality that one holds, one is deprived of his identity. The Unknown Citizen, by W.H. Auden, exemplified the notion that blind agreement of the ethics of society brings about identity loss. The poem indicated that He, the nameless citizen, had conformed to the values and beliefs of his society, For in everything he did he served the Greater Community (Auden 883). By abiding by the morals of his society, He could no longer be a libertine and entrust in his own values. He must curb his mind to the ideals of the Greater Community and nobody will be capable of discriminating him from the other members of the population. Individuality is a distinguishing characteristic of humans and without this sense of uniqueness, one is another person in the crowd. T.S. Elliot applied this concept best in The Hollow Men, where he described the men as, Shape without form, shade without color, (Elliot 707). Eliot described the conformed men through a personification of Shape. Any shap e is visible, yet it lack the qualities, color and form, that make it unique. The men are physically present, yet they lack the individual thought that made each one distinct. The men had lost their human traits, had developed into a monotonous society, and lacked the facility to be a detached person. As people diverged from seclusion and adhered to conventionalism, an intensified society of sightless nomads materialized. Characterized as nomads, the conformed wander aimlessly, lacking their own beliefs as guidance. This lack of self-guidance rendered society monotonous creating a habitat similar to an old allegory, monkey see, monkey do. This scheme is evident in T.S. Elliots work, The Hollow Men. He portrays the citizens as transparent beings that possess no distinctive characteristics. He states,We are the hollow menWe are the stuffed menLeaning togetherHeadpiece filled with straw. Alas! (Elliot 707). The men in this poem depict the ever-present nomads in society. They have no personal feeling or thought; society stuffs them with instructions on how to act. These men move as a crowd and follow each others actions, apparently leaning together. In a world more methodical, a lack of free will existed in all aspects of culture, creating a sense of despotic rule over the people. In the Unknown Citizen, He does what the society tells him to do. He has no choice, in order for society to accept him, he must adhere to norms. Auden recalls When there was peace, he was for peace; when there was war, he went. (Auden 883). Chances are that He did not always support the societys stance on certain issues. He may not have supported the war, yet it is human nature to strive for acceptance. As one endeavors for acceptance, one may not like what society imposes, but one must reluctantly accept it in order to maintain a citizenship of society. Even the little things that society necessitates are unknowingly accepted. For example, He listened to society on advice on how to plan his family,He was married and added five children to the population,Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his generation, (Auden 883)It is up to nobody but oneself to decide how many children you have, yet the geneticist decided the optimum number and the citizens unsightedly follow the counsel. Once again, Auden had shown that citizens would do anything for acceptance.

The Great Society

The Great Society was a set of programs started by President Lyndon B. Johnson. They were initiated in the Congress and had goals of social reforms. The programs addressed medical care, education, transportation and urban problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There had been elimination of some programs; some funds of other programs were reduced and others continued to be implemented (Weintraub 4). They included Medicare, education funding and Medicaid. Programs Civil Rights In 1964, there were urban riots caused by African-American due to racial discriminations. They had a Civil Rights Movement and one of the Great Society successes was putting the requests of the â€Å"civil rights movement† into law. In 1965, four Civil Rights Acts were enacted. Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination of public accommodation and acquiring of jobs. The Voting Rights Act enabled African-Americans to vote and register. Civil Rights Act of 1965 forbade Housing discrimination and constitutionally protected Native Americans. The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 did away with â€Å"the national-origin quotas in immigration law† These acts are still in the U.S laws and are being enacted like The voting Rights Act, The Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 since it is everybody right to vote. Some acts are not effective since some African-Americans today are still discriminated from jobs and acquiring of houses. War on Poverty There were antipoverty programs under Opportunity Act aimed at helping Native Americans who were poor (Moss 121). Raising incomes of the working poor was not the solution to fighting poverty, but to give job training, community development and education. Almost three billion U.S dollars were spent fighting poverty. The Great Society was successful in fighting poverty because youths benefit ed from the programs by developing marketable skills (Weintraub 8). They were able to get jobs due to the training and education they had acquired.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Education The Great Society was successful because it established Secondary and Elementary Education Act in 1965. Children from poor families could not get an education due to lack of school fees but upon the introduction of Great Society’s aid, they were able to learn. It provided aid to public schools to purchase materials and to come up with education programs aimed for poor children. The Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 gave college aid for a period of five years. It provided more college libraries, technical institutes and classrooms. The education program increased money given to U.S universities. It created scholarships and low-interest loans, and started Teacher Corps to give teachers in poor areas of U.S. These aids and initiatives are present even today. Health One of the Great Society successes was providing Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. There were no health care programs for the old. Under the Social Security Act, Medicare was authorized. It provided funding for medical costs of Americans who were old (Moss 15). It was specifically for Americans over the age of sixty five. Medicaid program gave medical care to all ages. This continues till present in hospital for those who cannot afford. Cultural Centers The Great Society started giving aid to arts facilities and national cultural so that they could complete their projects. It was successful in establishing cultural centers because it led to the establishment of John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts for commemorating John F. Kennedy who was assassinated (Lyndon 15). There was expansion of art museum called Smithsonian Institution which was funded under great society. Currently it has modern arts. Tr ansportation The great Society led to a unification of transportation agencies to Department of Transportation in 1965. There was establishment of The Urban Mass Transportation Act which funded large-scale private or public rail projects with 375 U.S Dollars to States and Cities. This led to the creation of the Urban Mass Transit Administration now referred to as Federal Transit Administration. Consumer Protection Johnson elected Esther Peterson to be president assistant to look into the customer’s affairs in 1964. The Cigarette Labeling Act authorized every cigarette packet to have a warning label. The Fair Packaging and Labeling required products to have identifications of the manufacturer like address, servings etc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Wholesome Meat Act required inspection of meat to meet the required standards (Lyndon 17). The Land Sa le Disclosure Act provided protection against fraudulent when buying land and the Radiation Safety Act provided standards for electronic products. Environment The Great Society aimed at conserving untouched resources. Johnson argued that nature must be protected against destruction. The great Society initiated several environmental laws which aimed at protecting water and air. They included Wilderness Act, Land and Water Conservation Act, National Environmental Policy Act etc. These acts are still in the U.S law but the programs have been eliminated. Conclusion Giving breakfast to children before classes was another program started by Great Society. These were free or low-cost meals. There were lunches as well. Although there were programs to fight poverty, some critics argue that Many Americans continue to live poorly, and there is still pollution despite environmental programs. These are minor failures in comparison with many achievements of the Great Society hence it was a succes s than a failure. Works Cited Johnson, Lyndon. My Hope for America. New York: Random House, 1964. Print. Moss, George Donelson. Moving On: The American People Since 1945. Fourth Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2010. Print Weintraub, Arlene. â€Å"Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society†. Newsweek 4 Mar.. 2002: 25. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Great Society was written and submitted by user Cain Bradford to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

System Development Essay Example

System Development Essay Example System Development Essay System Development Essay System Development Information technology (IT) is defined as any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization (Haag, Cummings, 2013). An IT department has become a crucial aspect for businesses in todays societies because it is not only theyre to help a business continue to develop new technology, but it is also there to help employees when needed. The use of softwares and databases has become more frequent in businesses and when software and databases get used more, there is even more of a eed for an IT department. An IT department has the ability to assist employees and even customers with any IT related issues. There Job is to understand the software and databases used by the company, so they can be prepared for any issues that may come up. Technology helps businesses run smoothly and helps them get results quicker. However, having technology can also come with stress because of the negative issues that sometimes can happen. There is no control over if youre program crashes, your databases freezes, or any other issues that may arise. The IT epartment is key when it comes to these issues because they are trained and have more tools than we do to figure out the problem and resolve it. An employee or a supervisor may know a couple ways to try and fix a problem, but what do you do then if it still cannot be fixed? Sending it to the manufacture or calling the them would probably take longer then it should to get the problem resolved, so calling your IT department in this instance is the best solution. When there is a negative issue with any form of technology, a company should want to get it resolved as quickly as possible so business is not slowed down. The IT department is also there to make sure the technology for the business is as much up to date as possible. An IT department can notify employees when upgrades are needed for programs to ensure they are using the best possible upgrades. Updating computer programs is important because the upgrades help the program run much smoother and sometimes a task can be slowed down Just because an upgrade was not done. Also, what happens if there is a problem with the upgrade? Wouldnt it be easier to have an IT department to help fix this? It would because not having an IT department ould then make the employees call the actually software or program company, which can be frustrating and a long process to do. Your own IT department prevents the added on stress on the situation and gets you a result quicker. The IT department can also notify and install new software and databases into the computers when needed. There are always new programs coming out that can help a business grow and it is crucial for businesses to keep up with those advances. The IT department can spend the time learning new programs and getting them ready for employees to have access to. Employees have enough on their plates to worry about as it is, so having an extra hand for the technology is a very positive aspect. If a business was to I department away, even Tor Just a Tew weeks to test now a Duslness a there would definitely be signs of employees overwhelmed because negative situations with technology happens on a daily basis and the IT department is the best option to fix those problems. Businesses base so much of their work on technology and it helps businesses succeed to the best of their ability. Having people at a business to solely focus on the IT side of the business is something every major ompany should have. The cost of having an IT department can add up, but the reward for having one is much greater. Its like the saying you should be safe, rather than sorry and I agree with that saying. If cost is an issue for a company, looking at the companies finances as a whole could help find other ways to cut costs to help keep a IT department available. With as much as IT is growing and how much it is predicted to continue to grow, business need to weigh out the pros and cons of a IT department and see how much an IT department is used and needed.

Fahrenheit 451 Quotes

'Fahrenheit 451' Quotes When Ray Bradbury wrote Fahrenheit 451 in 1953, television was gaining popularity for the first time, and Bradbury was concerned about its increasing influence in everyday peoples lives. In Fahrenheit 451, the contrast between passive entertainment (television) and critical thought (books) is a central concern. Many of the quotes in Fahrenheit 451 emphasize Bradbury’s argument that passive entertainment is mind-numbing and even destructive, as well as his belief that worthwhile knowledge requires effort and patience. The following quotes represent some of the most significant ideas and arguments within the novel. â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history.† (Part 1) These are the opening lines of the novel. The passage describes Guy Montags work as a Fireman, which in this dystopian world means that he burns books, rather than putting out fires. The quote contains details about Montag using his flamethrower to destroy a stock of illegal books, but the language the quote employs contains much more depth. These lines serve as a declaration of the central motif of the novel: the belief that humans prefer the easy, gratifying path over anything that requires effort. Bradbury uses lush, sensual language to describe the act of destruction. Through the use of words like pleasure and amazing, burning books is depicted as fun and enjoyable. The act of burning is also described in terms of power, suggesting that Montag is reducing all of history to tatters and charcoal with his bare hands. Bradbury uses animal imagery (the great python) to show that Montag is operating on a primitive and instinctive level: pleasure or pain, hunger or satiation. â€Å"Coloured people dont like Little Black Sambo. Burn it. White people dont feel good about Uncle Toms Cabin. Burn it. Someones written a book on tobacco and cancer of the lungs? The cigarette people are weeping? Bum the book. Serenity, Montag. Peace, Montag. Take your fight outside. Better yet, into the incinerator.† (Part 1) Captain Beatty makes this statement to Montag as a justification for book-burning. In the passage, Beatty argues that books cause trouble, and that by eliminating access to information, society will achieve serenity and peace. The statement underscores what Bradbury sees as the slippery slope leading to dystopia: intolerance of ideas that cause discomfort or unease. â€Å"I dont talk things. I talk the meaning of things. I sit here and know Im alive.† (Part 2) This statement, made by the character Faber, emphasizes the importance of critical thought. For Faber, considering the meaning of information- not just passively absorbing it- is what enables him to know [hes] alive. Faber contrasts talk[ing] the meaning of things with simply talk[ing] things, which in this passage refers to meaningless, superficial information-sharing or absorption devoid of any context or analysis. The loud, flashy, and virtually meaningless TV shows in the world of Fahrenheit 451, are a prime example of media that does nothing more than talk[ing] things. In this context, books themselves are merely objects, but they become powerful when readers use critical thought to explore the meaning of the information the books contain. Bradbury explicitly links the act of thinking and processing information with being alive. Consider this idea of aliveness in relation to Montags wife Millie, who is constantly passively absorbing television and repeatedly attempts to end her own life. â€Å"Books arent people. You read and I look around, but there isnt anybody!† (Part 2) Montag’s wife, Millie, rejects Montag’s efforts to force her to think. When Montag tries to read aloud to her, Millie reacts with increasing alarm and violence, at which point she makes the above statement. Millies statement encapsulates what Bradbury sees as part of the problem of passive entertainment like television: it creates the illusion of community and activity. Millie feels that she is engaging with other people when she is watching television, but in fact she is simply sitting alone in her living room. The quote is also an example of irony. Millies complaint that books arent people is supposed to contrast with the human contact she feels when watching television. In fact, however, books are the product of human minds expressing themselves, and when you read you are making a connection with that mind over time and space. â€Å"Stuff your eyes with wonder. Live as if youd drop dead in ten seconds. See the world. Its more fantastic than any dream made or paid for in factories. Ask for no guarantees, ask for no security, there never was such an animal.† (Part 3) This statement is made by Granger, the leader of a group that memorizes books in order to pass the knowledge on to a future generation. Granger is speaking to Montag as they watch their city go up in flames. The first part of the statement implores the listener to see, experience, and learn about as much of the world as possible. He likens the mass-produced world of television to a factory of false fantasies, and argues that exploring the real world brings greater fulfillment and discovery than factory-made entertainment. At the end of the passage, Granger concedes that there never was such an animal as security- knowledge may very well bring discomfort and danger, but there is no other way to live.

Short answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short answer - Essay Example However, the state in availing welfare to the public acts within certain outlined guidelines meant to evaluate certain involved loses or costs, hence implement measures whose purpose is to limit excesses of some individual groups. Implementation of SOPA seeks to ensure public interest via shunning either intrusion or pirating of people’s intellectual property and counterfeit goods (â€Å"Economics Week†). Mainly, the provision of this enforcement involves requesting court to prevent advertising bodies and online payment facilities from conducting transactions with infringing websites or search engines (â€Å"Economics Week†). Hence, expand the already existing laws with the intention of safeguarding the public’s interest by barring streaming of unauthorized copyrighted content and imposing harsh sentences to the culprits not more than five years. as a result of this first â€Å" mass† medium of communication linguistic unity would be one of the broadcasting’s main effects establishing physical and cultural unification not only English, but proper, uninflected English would become the national standard/norm. defined as â€Å" pussy- willow† English Somehow, this will yield to the eroding of some cultural practices but with time. Since, the upcoming generation due to this implementation will tend to move away from their cultural norms and adopt the incoming practices or ways of life. This is to ensure they interact with others while contributing to varied issues being broadcasted, for instance, those pertaining to politics. They usually erode diverse and numerous archaic practices commonly held by people as taboo, hence prompting all genders assuming roles that were earlier prohibited. For instance, in acting whereby each gender and people from varied races can mimic whom they want in plays for the purpose of relaying the intended information. This has extended to the present but

European Employment Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Employment Policy - Essay Example Therefore minimum wage laws have been introduced which foresee crisis of unemployment, if fewer employers are interested to hire labor, where as more people are willing to offer their services. Therefore, the law intends to maintain the equilibrium, to avoid social and economic turmoil. The amount of labor supplied by the workers is directly proportional to the nominal wage, a certain increase in the wage, forecast increase in the labor supply. The observation is based on the assumption that an employee hired at a low wage will prefer to consume 'leisure and forego wages', a slight increase in the nominal range, it becomes difficult to practice leisure and avoid labor, therefore there is an increase in the number of workers wiling to offer labor. The relationship between the labor supplied and nominal wage is function of different variables including price. A substantial increase in the price level will reduce the number of workers, at all wages (Wascher, 1995). The charter of European Union has observed that there exists an inverse relationship between the nominal wage, and the 'amount of labor demanded by the organizations'. A substantial increase in the wages is likely to compel the organizations to reduce recruitment schemes. The relationship has been derived on the basis of an assumption that the organization prefers saving for increased proportion of profitability i.e. such level of production is aimed by the organization which increases the profit i.e. the difference between expenses and revenue. The revenue is based on the price of an item, and quantity of the items sold (Christopher, 2005). The expenses include the amount of wages, which is based on the labor and services. Therefore, the company will prefer to maintain a minimum threshold level to secure profit, on the basis of reduction in the wages, as more workers are employed, the labor wage increases which turn the organization less profitable. The price factor may compel the organizations to recruit the employees for all wage levels (Gold, 1993). As per the regulation, the commission has defined a minimum age for the employment; the minimum age is greater than the minimum school leaving age. The charter has focused upon the fact that parent employees shall be provided parental leave, and parent employees have been urged to spend their time with their families particularly children. The charter has listed provisions for the access to childcare during working hours. The charter has defined a maximum limit for the weekly working hours; the maximum weekly working hours shall not be greater than forty eight, which is inclusive of the working hours. As per the charter, the employees are eligible for at least four week's paid annual leave, on unconditional basis. The charter has described minimum rest period which shall be eleven hours on daily basis, and minimum one day on weekly basis. The charter has limited the duration of work during might hours, and has limited the working hours during night time to maximum of eight hours (Gol d, 1993). Minimum Wages and Labor Market: Equilibrium It has been predicted that minimum wage laws are expected to increase unemployment, if minimum wage is established above equilibrium wage. It is because, a large number of employees will be interested in offering their services in exchange for higher wages, on contrary on small and limited number of such

Periodic Properties Essay Example for Free

Periodic Properties Essay The halogens F, Cl, Br and I (At has not been included because of its scarcity and nuclear instability) are very reactive non-metals that occur in the penultimate group of the periodic table, hence they all require just one electron to complete their valence shell. All of the elements exists as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) in which the atoms are joined by single covalent bonds. Going down a group of the periodic table, for successive elements there are more energy levels filled with electrons, so the outer electors are in higher energy levels and farther from the nucleus. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine a liquid and iodine a solid that forms a purple vapour on heating. The halogens are all quite electronegative elements. They require just one electron to complete their valence shell, hence they readily gain electrons to form the singly charged halide ions (Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Clà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½,Ià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). The ease with which they gain electrons gained is further from the nucleus and hence less strongly attracted. This means that, in contrast to the alkali metals, the reactivity of the halogens decreases going down the group. Method 1) Test the solubility of Iodine: 1. A very small amount of iodine was put into water, cyclohexane and KI(aq) respectively 2. The color changes of the solutions and the solubility in each solvent were recorded 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: 1. Three drops of I2-KI solution were put into a test tube 2. A few drops of starch solution were added after that 3. The color of solution was recorded 3) Test the acid-base properties: 1. A few drops of chlorine water were put in a test surface, and it was tested with universal indicator paper 2. This was repeated first using water and then using iodine solution instead of the chlorine water 3. The color changes were recorded 4) Displacements between halogen elements: 1. 2cm depth of each aqueous solution: sodium chloride, potassium bromide and potassium iodide were put into 3 respective test tubes and labeled 2. An equal volume of chlorine water was added into each test tube and the results were recorded 3. A little hexane was added to form a separate upper layer of a non-polar solvent 4. The mixtures were shook and the changes were recorded 5. Step 1, 2, 3 and 4 were repeated first using water and then iodine solution instead of chlorine water 5) Tests for halide ions [Halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with silver ions]: 1. About 1cm depth of aqueous sodium chloride was put into a test tube 2. A little aqueous silver nitrate was added and then the observations were recorded 3. The test tube was placed in a sunny place, and left there for about 5 minutes and then it was observed again 4. Step 1, 2 and 3 were repeated using aqueous potassium bromide, then aqueous potassium iodide instead of sodium chloride ?Data Collection? 1) The solubility of iodine in different solvent Color Solubility Water Colorless Insoluble Cyclohexane Purple Soluble Ethanol Yellow Soluble KI(aq) Yellow-brown Soluble 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: The color of the solution is black. 3) Test the acid-base properties: Cl2 Br2 I2-KI pH value 4 3 12 4) Displacements between halogen elements: The color change of the solution after Cl2, Br2, I2 added into NaCl, KBr and KI respectively Cl2 Br2 I2 NaCl No change No change Brown KBr Pale yellow solution No change Brown KI yellow yellow Brown The color of the upper layers of the solution after hexane added Cl2 Br2 I2 NaCl No change No change Purple red KBr Pale purple No change Purple red KI purple Pale purple Purple red 5) Tests for halide ions: Halide ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) with silver ions: NaCl White precipitate is produced Darkens after it was placed in sunlight KBr Cream precipitate is produced. KI Yellow precipitate is produced. ?Data Analysis? 1) The solubility of iodine in different solvents: The solubility is larger in non-polar solvent (water, ethanol) and smaller in polar solvents.(cylohexane and KI) The purple color of iodine in cyclohexane is that because in non-polar solvents, iodine froms the violet solution. 2) Test iodine reacts with starch: According to the general knowledge we knew, the phenomenon of this reaction should be blue, but the color observed was black-green. That was because some of the starch hydrolysis in water and produced something could make the color darker. 3) Test the acid-base properties: 1. Cl2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Cl2 is strong acid. 2. Br2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that Br2 is a kind of acid, but not very strong. 3. I2: The color of the universal indicator papers showed that I2 is a strong base. Actually, I2 is acid. The reason is that the original color of I2 is red-brown, that made us cant see the phenomenon clearly. 4) Displacements between halogen elements: As what I mentioned above in background, the rule of displacements between halogen elements is that more reactive ones displace less reactive ones. Thats the reason why Br -cant displace Cl -, and I -cant displace Br and Cl-. When there was no reaction between two elements, the color we observed was the blend of original colors of the less reactive element and the solution containing the more reactive element. If theres a reaction between two elements, the color we can observe is the color of the displaced element. According to the information we got from Internet, we knew hexane is a kind of oil and is insoluble in water-solvent. That was the reason why we could differentiate the two layers of each solution very clearly. The colors of each solutions under layer were the original colors of the saline solutions. There were two kinds of instances of the color of upper layer of each solution. For the solutions those do not have I ion, they were colorless. Thats because hexane is colorless and cannot react with Cl or Br -. Another instance is that the solutions include I -, when I meets hexane, it will show the color of itself. That was why we could observe color of purple in this experiment. 5) Test for halide ions: When halide ions dissolved into silver salts, then the precipitate is appear commonly. The white precipitate is AgCl: AgNO3+NaClà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgCl+NaNO3 The off-white precipitate is AgBr: AgNO3+KBrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgBr+NaNO3 The pale yellow precipitate is AgI: AgNO3+NaIà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½AgI+NaNO3 After 10 minutes under the sunshine, photodissociation happened on all of them, so the black precipitate on the bottoms of three test tubes are the products of photodissociation. 1. Going down the group, the elements of this group have the same effective nuclear charge. Atomic radius of these elements becomes bigger because of the increase of the number of energy levels. The attraction between nucleus and valence electrons gets weaker. Less energy is required to remove the first electron from one mole of gaseous atoms. The ionization energy going down the group decreases. The ability to attract electrons becomes weaker. The electronegativity going down the group decreases. 2. Organic solvents always contain the element carbon. Inorganic solvents dont contain the element carbon. The most common solvent, water, is an example of an inorganic solvent. There are many more organic solvents than inorganic solvents. Compare with organic and inorganic solvent, the solubility of iodine is higher in organic solvent. 3. The oxidizing power of the halogens decrease going down the group as the size of the atoms increase going down the group as the size of the atoms increases and the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons becomes less. In that case, going down the group, the elements become less powerful oxidising agents. This means that a higher halogen will displace a lower halogen from its salts. A lower halogen cannot displace a higher halogen from its salts. 4. When starch reacts with iodine, the typical blue black color will appear. Thats a good way for us to identify starch and iodine. 5. After photodissociation, the color of some precipitates will change. will become black. Thats the most obvious one. Other precipitates will become darken. 1. Because we use solid iodine in the first experiment. If we add the solvent into the test tube first, the test tube will be wet and the solid iodine we put in later will attach on the surface inside instead of fall into the liquid. For this reason we must add solid iodine first in experiment 1. 2. According to the first experiment, we found that the solubility of iodine in pure water is very low. But the solubility of iodine in potassium iodide solution is relatively much higher. So we use I2-KI solution to increase the amount of iodine in order to let the phenomenon more obvious. REFERENCE 1) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Chemistryà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(for use with the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme) [3rd Edition] John Green Sadru Damji First published in 2007 by IBID Press, Victoria, Page 77 to 78. 2) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/hexane.html 3) http://baike.baidu.com/view/373611.htm 4) http://baike.baidu.com/view/908645.htm