Health Informatics---bar coded medications Research Paper

Health Informatics---bar coded medications - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to establish whether bar code technology achieves its intended purpose, which is to increase patient safety by reduction of medication errors. The most effective way of analyzing this is by studying real-life examples of institutions that have implemented the technology and measured their quality, workflow or inter-professional after implementation. This is what the paper will focus on in subsequent sections. Barcode medication is increasingly becoming common among several hospitals in the country. It is critical to examine its impact on nursing workflows. Nurses need to spend their time on patients’ direct care. Therefore, if medication administration is eating up most of their time, then it will be difficult for them to provide quality services. This paper will examine whether or not bar code medication has an effect on nursing workflow as well as quality of care in institutions. Perhaps the most critical issue in the analysis of this technology in medical administration is its impact on patient safety. Errors in the medical profession could lead to further complications in treatment; they may prevent patients from recovering as quickly as they might have if the right procedures were followed. Additionally, they may cause new conditions or diseases which harm patients. In essence, they may do the exact opposite of what hospitals intend to do to patients when they visit them. Errors increase healthcare costs to patients, insurance providers as well as institutions. The latter may lose their clientele owing to a tainted image or costly malpractice litigations. Most importantly, errors in administration of drugs could be lethal and may lead to the loss of life. This paper will contribute towards the minimization of medical errors in drug administration by looking at the effectiveness of one solution. Bar code technology

LSP 5 Ethics - Discrimination and Affirmative Action Essay

LSP 5 Ethics - Discrimination and Affirmative Action - Essay Example The most dangerous job at the company is working at the factory. â€Å"The wood products industry may be divided into the following sub categories:  logging, pulp, paper board mills and saw mills and woodworking†. (Occupational Safety and Health Administration-OSHA). These five processes are equally risky because they involve operating machines and equipment. There are several hazards associated with working in this factory ranging from chemicals used in the processes; machines and equipment when faulty, poor design of work equipment and improper lifting are all common dangers associated with working in factories like this. Sometimes clothes worn by employees can also be trapped in the machines if not the recommended ones. Occupational noise, dust and heat could also be possible risks. I feel that employees are adequately informed of the various risks involved in working in such environments. Due to government regulations and reforms companies are under pressure to formulate safe workplace policies and make sure all employees abide by the set rules and regulations. The government enforces these laws to companies through the Federal Department of Labor, OSHA. Employers abide by the set standards and communicate hazards to their employees. They are also required to carry regular training on workplace safety. Working in the wood mills is the most dangerous occupations in the United States according to OSHA with hazards ranging from wiring, static and moving equipment, and components of products being manufactured to occupational noise and dangers of respiratory infections. These risks are acceptable and reasonable as long as proper communication about them is in place and that employees in the company take precaution as required to avoid incidences of work place infections, injury and accidents. This is because the products made by the company are necessary we

Nursing Student’s Perceptions of Rural Healthcare

Nursing Student’s Perceptions of Rural Healthcare In quantitative research, the goal is to establish a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable or outcome in a population. Quantitative research designs may be descriptive or experimental. A descriptive design establishes an association between variables. Experimental or quasi-experimental design are used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention, and to provide evidence to guide clinical practice. In this study, a non-experimental descriptive design will be used. The method will be a survey plan utilizing open-ended questionnaires. The theoretical framework of the adaptation model occurs when people react encouragingly to situational changes, and it is the process and outcome of individual and groups who use deliberate reasoning, self-reflection and selection to develop human and environmental assimilation. The key concepts are person, health, environment, and nursing (Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC). A person is a bio-psycho-social being in constant coolaboration with an altering environment, using intuitive and intellectual methods to accomodate (Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC). The model incorporates people as an individual and a group. Person can be a presentation of an individual or group. The person is an adaptive entity whom practices coping skills to manage stressors (AbuShosha, 2012). Health is a component of a person’s existence and isignified as the appearance and aspect of being assimilated. The environment is all situations,contexts, and motivations that affect the transformation and behavior of theindividual. The model includes two sub-sets, the cognitive-emotive, perceptual and informational processing, learning, judgment, and emotion. Nursing is the promotion of acclimation in four manners; biological, self-concept, character function, and interdependence. The regulator sub- set is a prime integration means that reacts through neural, chemical, and endocrine coping channels (AbuShosha, 2012). There are ten adaptation model assumptions: 1) the person is a bio-psycho-social being (Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC). 2) The person is in constant associations with a fluctuating situation. 3) The person uses coping mechanisms, instinctive and learned to cope with a changing domain. 4) wellbeing and scikness are unavoidable characteristics of life. 5) An individual must change in order to react positively to the circumstances. 6) The individual’s adaptation is an event of the provocation that they are subjected. 7) The person’s acculmation situation is such that it comprises an expanse indicating a difference of stimulation that will lead to an affirmative response (Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC). 8) There are four types of adaptation; physiological needs, self- concept, role function, and interdependence (AbuShosha, 2012). 9) Interpersonal associations are a essential segment of the profession of nursing. 10) There is a vital purpose for existence with the defini tive aim of achieving confidence and honor (AbuShosha, 2012). There are also four basic assumptions; 1) people can be reduced to agments for examination and investigation. 2) Nursing is based on cause and effect 3) people’s ethics and opinions should be reviewed and appreciated. 4) A condition of adaption liberates a person’s resources to respond to other incentives (AbuShosha, 2012). The application of this theory in the project is to identify perceptions of nurse practitioner students of clinical rotation in rural and urban healthcare settings. The approach is a quantitative approach using a survey method. The data collection design is snowball approach, which is an application used for collecting research subjects through the association of a primary subject who is used to give names of other people (Tappen, 2011). An advantage for the snowball method is the ability to engage hidden populations. Disadvantages are over sampling of a network of peers can lead to discrimination. The sampling is fifty (50) nurse practitioner students. Concepts used are the four adaptive methods, to create closed ended questions based on the four methods and cognator subsets, to process changes in the environment through cognitive and emotional avenues involve personal perceptions and data processing, learning, judgment, and emotions (AbuShosha, 2012). Instruments used will be surveys given at the end of the clinical rotation. Validity and reliability estimates will be based on two methods; factor analysis to determine if items are theoretically associated show similar link in the answers. Split-half reliability means using two versions of the questions and comparing the results (Etchegaray, 2006). The means to verify the questions will be a scale of (1-5) one to five, and not likely to extremely likely. Reliability is the consistency of the measurement of the survey. This means the item measures the same thing across like responses. Piloting or pre-testing the survey can help check for reliability. Validity is the degree to which the instrument measures what it is proposed to measure, and what is the relationship between information provided and what is desired to know. A scale that measures a concept consistently is viewed as reliable; a scale that measures the proposed concept is viewed as credible (Etchegaray, 2006). The sampling size and criteria for inclusion will be a sampling of fifty (50) students. Inclusion criteria are to have students one year before graduation that live within one hour of a rural area or are willing to drive to a rural setting. Obtaining the sampling group will be through nurse practitioner students known to the developer and referrals from these students. Description of the study and informed consent will be obtained when the student agrees to participate. To obtain permission for the study, the schools in question will be approached through the academic offices and the director of the nurse practitioner programs for permission, through a proposal request. The setting will be rural and urban clinical sites within the northern Kentuckian area that are amenable to the study, where surveys will be distributed after the clinical experience is complete. The preceptors will be informed of the study, and informed consent will be obtained at that time. The sampling strategy is a non-probability sample design using the snowball network or referral sampling method; this is where one starts with known individuals and asks them to refer others with the same concern or interest (Tappen, 2011). The sampling will be divided into two groups, one that shadows a rural nurse practitioner and one that shadows an urban practitioner. The surveys will be distributed to both groups after the clinical rotation is completed and may be faxed or emailed when finished. References AbuShosha, G. . (2012, July). A critical analysis of using Roys adaptation model in nursing research. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4), 26-31. Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://www.academia.edu/1775409/A_Critical_Analysis_of_Using_Roys_Adaptation_Model_in_Nursing_Research Etchegaray, J. . (2006, June). Survey research: Be careful where you step. Quality and Safety in Healthcare, 15(3), 154-155. Doi:10.1136/qshc:2005.016659 Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC. (N.d.). Roy Adaptation Model. In Nursing theories:A framework for professional practice (pp. 127-141). Jones and Barlett Learning, LLC. Retrieved April 8, 2014, from http://www.samples.jbpub.com/9781449626013/7376_CH10_masters Tappen, R. (2011). Advanced nursing research: From theory to practice. In R. Tappen, Advanced nursing research: From theory to practice (1 ed., Pp. 75-76). Sudbury, MA: Jones Barlett Learning,LLC. Retrieved March 29, 2014

Hitler :: essays research papers fc

In the fall of 1922, the Germans asked the Allies for a moratorium on the reparations payments that they were required to pay according to the Versailles Treaty (from World War I). The French government refused the request and occupied the Ruhr, the integral industrial area of Germany, when the Germans defaulted on their payments. The French occupation united the German people to act against the occupation by staging a general strike. The German government supported the workers by giving them financial support. Inflation increased exponentially within Germany creating a growing concern over the Weimar Republic's capability to govern Germany. In August 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor of Germany. On September 26, Stresemann ordered the end of the general strike in the Ruhr and decided to pay reparations. Rightfully believing that there would be anger and revolts to his announcement, Stresemann had President Ebert declare a state of emergency. The Bavarian government was unhappy with Stresemann's capitulation and declared its own state of emergency on the same day as Stresemann's announcement. Bavaria was then ruled by a triumvirate which consisted of Generalkommissar Gustav von Kahr, General Otto von Lossow (commander of the army in Bavaria), and Colonel Hans Ritter von Seisser (commander of the state police). Though the triumvirate ignored and even defied several orders that were directly from Berlin, by the end of October 1923 it seemed that the triumvirate was losing heart. They had wanted to protest, but not if it were to destroy them. Hitler believed it was time to take action. The Plan It is still debated who actually came up with the plan to kidnap the triumvirate, some say Alfred Rosenberg, some say Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, while still others say Hitler himself. The original plan was to capture the triumvirate on the German Memorial Day (Totengedenktag) on November 4, 1923. Kahr, Lossow, and Seisser would be on a stand, taking the salute from the troops during a parade. The plan was to arrive on the street before the troops arrived, shut off the street by setting up machine guns, and then get the triumvirate to join Hitler in the "revolution." The plan was foiled when it was discovered (the day of the parade) that the parade street was well protected by police. They needed another plan. This time, they were going to march into Munich and seize its strategic points on November 11, 1923 (the anniversary of the armistice).

Answers to Quiz #4

According to the IS-LM model, what happens in the short run to the interest rate, income, consumption, and investment under the following circumstances? (Assume everything else is held constant. ) a. The central bank decreases the money supply. i. The interest rate ________increases_______________________ ii. Income ____________decreases__________________________ iii. Consumption ___________decreases______________________ iv. Investment ___________decreases________________________ b. The government decreases its level of expenditures. i. The interest rate _________decreases______________________ ii.Income ___________decreases___________________________ iii. Consumption __________decreases_______________________ iv. Investment ___________increases________________________ c. The government imposes a new lower level of taxes. i.The interest rate _________increases______________________ ii. Income ________________increases______________________ iii. Consumption ___________increases______ ________________ iv. Investment ______________decreases_____________________ d. The government increases government spending while at the same time it increases taxes by exactly the same amount. .The interest rate __________increases_____________________ ii. Income _____________increases but by less than the change in government spending and the change in taxes_________________________ iii. Consumption __________decreases_______________________ iv. Investment ______________decreases_____________________ 2. Use the following information to answer this set of questions. An economy can be described by the following equations: C = 200 + 0. 75(Y – T) I = 200 – 25r G = 100 and is constant and exogenously determined T = 100 and is constant and exogenously determinedThe demand for real money balances = M/P = Y – 100r M = money supply = 1000 P = price level = 2 a. Write an equation for the IS curve for this economy. IS: Y = 200 + 0. 75(Y – T) + G + I Y = 200 + 0. 75Y -0. 75(100) + 100 + 200 – 25r Y = 500 + 0. 75Y -75 – 25r .25Y = 425 – 25r Y = 1700 – 100r b. Write an equation for the LM curve for this economy. Supply of real money balances = demand for real money balances 1000/2 = Y – 100r Y = 500 + 100r c. What is the equilibrium interest rate and the equilibrium level of output for this economy given the above information? 00 + 100r = 1700 – 100r 200r = 1200 r = 6 Y = 500 + 100 (6) Y = 1100 d. What is the equilibrium level of consumption and the equilibrium level of investment for this economy? C = 200 + 0. 75(Y – T) C = 200 + 0. 75(1100 – 100) C = 200 + 0. 75(1000) C = 200 + 750 C = 950 I = 200 – 25r I = 200 – 25(6) I = 200 – 150 I = 50 e. Suppose that the money supply is increased to 1200. What is the new equilibrium level of interest rate and the new equilibrium level of output for this economy given this change? What is the new equilibrium level of consumption ? The new LM curve is Y = 600 + 100r and the IS curve is Y = 1700 – 100r.Thus, 600 + 100r = 1700 – 100r 200r = 1100 r = 5. 5 Y = 600 + 100(5. 5) Y = 1150 C = 200 + 0. 75(Y – T) C = 200 + 0. 75(1150 – 100) C = 200 + 987. 50 f. Suppose that the initial information is true (no change in the money supply). If government purchases increase to 150, what is the change in output predicted by the Keynesian Cross diagram? What is the actual change in output based upon the IS-LM model? The change in output predicted by the Keynesian Cross diagram is equal to (1/(1 – MPC))(change in government spending) or (1/0. 25)(50) = 200.The actual change in output based upon the IS-LM model will be less than this. To see this you need to first write the new IS curve: Y = C + I + G’ Y = 200 +0. 75(Y – T) + I + G’ Y = 200 + 0. 75Y – 0. 75(100) + 200 – 25r + 150 0. 25Y = 475 – 25r Y = 1900 – 100r Then, combine this IS curve w ith the LM curve to have 1900 – 100r = 500 + 100r 1400 = 200r r = 7 Thus, Y = 1900 – 100r Y = 1900 – 100(7) Y = 1200 The change in output is from the initial level of 1100 to the new level of 1200, or a change of 100 which is less than that predicted by the Keynesian Cross diagram.

Obesity in the UK Essay

Obesity levels in the Untied Kingdom have reached an all time high with one in every four adults suffering from obesity. Childhood obesity has also drastically increased with 25 percent of boys and 33 percent of girls aged between two and 19 years being overweight or obese. There is little sign of this upward trend in obesity stopping, and it will have a significant impact on the state of the country. It will negatively affect the UK’s economy and more importantly negatively affect the health of the UK’s 63 million people. With obesity becoming this prevalent in our society is it not time we address this issue? I think it is, and one of the best ways in my opinion is to introduce a tax on fizzy drinks and fast food. This may sounds rather drastic when first heard but consider the  £5.1billion spent every year by the NHS to treat those with obesity related medical conditions. Now consider the 2535 branches of Burger King, McDonald’s, KFC and Pizza Hut located all around Scotland and England, consider the number of products those branches sell and the amount of money that could be raised through taxes upon those products. That money could be spent on our NHS which is being crippled under the weight of budget cuts and the cost obesity is having certainly isn’t helping the load. These taxes could also deter many from the promise of quick, cheap food from these outlets and could send them in the direction of healthier options. The recommendations in favour of taxing these food are quite reasonable, such as recommendation of taxes of twenty percent on sugary drinks for at least a year being put forth. Other initiatives are already in place to help tackle the UK’s weight problem such as the ‘Change 4 Life’ initiative run by the NHS which offers free nutritional advice to those who want it. The problem is though, that as much good as these schemes are doing they aren’t working well enough. The obesity levels in this country are still rising and we need more action to stop it. We need to have more healthy eating schemes in place around the country in places such as schools, at the work place and even at hospitals. People need to understand the risks of junk food and the major health effects it can have causing obesity, and with obesity comes a vast array of other negative  health effects which include heart disease, certain cancers, high blood pressure, joint problems, psychological difficulties and diabetes. There have been other recommendations on ways to tackle obesity with ideas like banning the advertising of foods high in saturated fat, sugar and salt before 9pm, this can help with the problems of childhood obesity as children would be less likely to have seen these advertisements meaning they were less likely to be influenced by them. Another change that could drastically tip the scales towards healthier eating is giving local councils the power to limit the number of fast food outlets near schools and leisure centres limiting the availability of these types of food to young children. There are also plans for the government to spend  £300 million on weight management programmes, that may sound like a large amount but it is far less than the cost obesity is having on the pockets of the NHS. Taxation on tobacco products has already been proven to help reduce the number of smoking related deaths and the amount of money collected in taxes from tobacco products in 2012 ( £12.1bn) far outweighs the cost smoking related illnesses have on the NHS annually ( £5bn) so surely the idea of taxing fatty and sugary foods is not too drastic. Especially when there are around 35,000 obesity related deaths each year. Other ways to tackle obesity have to do with activities rather than food. Along with the increase in junk food intake by people in the UK there has also been a large lack of exercise or sporting activity. Most people nowadays have jobs that involve sitting at a desk for long periods of the day, this combined with the fact that most people commute to work by car or bus rather than walking equals to a lot of sitting down during the day. After work most people just want to relax and so often sit down on the sofa with a cup of tea and watch television rather than do something active. This problem is hard to tackle but if initiatives at the work place are introduced which include things like sporting clubs offered free by the workplace or other incentives to walk to work rather than drive this can serious help with the daily inactivity. The workplace can also help by removing vending machines that give out junk food and replace them with one  that give out a healthy snack. Finally one more thing the government can do to help with this problem is to subsidise the cost of healthy foods in shops. This will be useful as one of the main reasons people eat unhealthy food is because it is often cheaper than most healthier products. If the healthier products are cheaper than other choices then people are more likely to eat healthily. Or instead of subsidising the food the government could give out food vouchers to those struggling for money to give them discounts on the healthier products in shops. This combined with taxation on the fattier foods can completely change the perception of healthy food in this country and we can begin on the road to eradicating the problem of obesity in the UK. By Rajan Gill 11E